Interatomic potentials for mixed oxide (MOX) nuclear fuels

We extend our recently developed interatomic potentials for UO_{2} to the mixed oxide fuel system (U,Pu,Np)O_{2}. We do so by fitting against an extensive database of ab initio results as well as to experimental measurements. The applicability of these interactions to a variety of mixed environments beyond the fitting domain is also assessed. The employed formalism makes these potentials applicable across all interatomic distances without the need for any ambiguous splining to the well-established short-range Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark universal pair potential. We therefore expect these to be reliable potentials for carrying out damage simulations (and Molecular Dynamics simulations in general) in nuclear fuels of varying compositions for all relevant atomic collision energies

Simulation of ion track ranges in uranium oxide

Direct comparisons between statistically sound simulations of ion-tracks and published experimental measurements of range densities of iodine implants in uranium dioxide have been made with implant energies in the range of 100-800 keV. Our simulations are conducted with REED-MD (Rare Event Enhanced Domain-following Molecular Dynamics) in order to account for the materials structure in both single crystalline and polycrystalline experimental samples. We find near-perfect agreement between REED-MD results and experiments for polycrystalline target materials.Comment: Eleven pages, four figures

Efficient Parallel Algorithm for Statistical Ion Track Simulations in Crystalline Materials

We present an efficient parallel algorithm for statistical Molecular Dynamics simulations of ion tracks in solids. The method is based on the Rare Event Enhanced Domain following Molecular Dynamics (REED-MD) algorithm, which has been successfully applied to studies of, e.g., ion implantation into crystalline semiconductor wafers. We discuss the strategies for parallelizing the method, and we settle on a host-client type polling scheme in which a multiple of asynchronous processors are continuously fed to the host, which, in turn, distributes the resulting feed-back information to the clients. This real-time feed-back consists of, e.g., cumulative damage information or statistics updates necessary for the cloning in the rare event algorithm. We finally demonstrate the algorithm for radiation effects in a nuclear oxide fuel, and we show the balanced parallel approach with high parallel efficiency in multiple processor configurations.Comment: 17 pages, seven figures, four table

Thiol density dependent classical potential for methyl-thiol on a Au(111) surface

A new classical potential for methyl-thiol on a Au(111) surface has been developed using density functional theory electronic structure calculations. Energy surfaces between methyl-thiol and a gold surface were investigated in terms of symmetry sites and thiol density. Geometrical optimization was employed over all the configurations while minimum energy and thiol height were determined. Finally, a new interatomic potential has been generated as a function of thiol density, and applications to coarse-grained simulations are presented

Parallel TREE code for two-component ultracold plasma analysis

The TREE method has been widely used for long-range interaction {\it N}-body problems. We have developed a parallel TREE code for two-component classical plasmas with open boundary conditions and highly non-uniform charge distributions. The program efficiently handles millions of particles evolved over long relaxation times requiring millions of time steps. Appropriate domain decomposition and dynamic data management were employed, and large-scale parallel processing was achieved using an intermediate level of granularity of domain decomposition and ghost TREE communication. Even though the computational load is not fully distributed in fine grains, high parallel efficiency was achieved for ultracold plasma systems of charged particles. As an application, we performed simulations of an ultracold neutral plasma with a half million particles and a half million time steps. For the long temporal trajectories of relaxation between heavy ions and light electrons, large configurations of ultracold plasmas can now be investigated, which was not possible in past studies

Nanoscale oxidation and complex oxide growth on single crystal iron surfaces and external electric field effects

Oxidation of iron surfaces and oxide growth mechanisms have been studied using reactive molecular dynamics. Oxide growth kinetics on Fe(100), (110), and (111) surface orientations has been investigated at various temperatures and/or an external electric field. The oxide growth kinetics decreases in the order of (110), (111), and (100) surfaces at 300 K over 1 ns timescale while higher temperature increases the oxidation rate. The oxidation rate shows a transition after an initial high rate, implying that the oxide formation mechanism evolves, with iron cation re-ordering. In early stages of surface oxide growth, oxygen transport through iron interstitial sites is dominant, yielding non-stoichiometric wüstite characteristics. The dominant oxygen inward transport decreases as the oxide thickens, evolving into more stoichiometric oxide phases such as wüstite or hematite. This also suggests that cation outward transport increases correspondingly. In addition to oxidation kinetics simulations, formed oxide layers have been relaxed in the range of 600–1500 K to investigate diffusion characteristics, fitting these results into an Arrhenius relation. The activation energy of oxygen diffusion in oxide layers formed on Fe(100), (110), and (111) surfaces was estimated to be 0.32, 0.26, and 0.28 eV, respectively. Comparison between our modeling results and literature data is then discussed. An external electric field (10 MV cm−1) facilitates initial oxidation kinetics by promoting oxygen transport through iron lattice interstitial sites, but reaches self-limiting thickness, showing that similar oxide formation stages are maintained when cation transport increases. The effect of the external electric field on iron oxide structure, composition, and oxide activation energy is found to be minimal, whereas cation outward migration is slightly promoted

Toward Equatorial Planarity about Uranyl: Synthesis and Structure of Tridentate Nitrogen-Donor {UO₂}²⁺ Complexes

The reaction of UO₂Cl₂·3THF with the tridentate nitrogen donor ligand 2,6-bis­(2-benzimidazolyl)­pyridine (H₂BBP) in pyridine leads to the formation of three different complexes: [(UO₂)­(H₂BBP)­Cl₂] (<b>1</b>), [(UO)₂(HBBP)­(Py)­Cl] (<b>2</b>), and [(UO₂)­(BBP)­(Py)₂] (<b>3</b>) after successive deprotonation of H₂BBP with a strong base. Crystallographic determination of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> reveals that increased charge through ligand deprotonation and displacement of chloride leads to equatorial planarity about uranyl as well as a more compact overall coordination geometry. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> at the U-4d edges have been recorded using a soft X-ray Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) and reveal the uranium 4d_5/2 and 4d_3/2 transitions at energies associated with uranium in the hexavalent oxidation state. First-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations for the complexes have been performed to determine and validate the coordination characteristics, which correspond well to the experimental results